Probiotics

In the past, methods of food preservation involved natural fermentation and drying of foods, thus our diet contained several thousand times more bacteria than it does today.  Over time we have adopted food storage and processing techniques which minimize the growth of bacteria in our food.  The benefits of refrigeration are obvious, but emerging positive research of beneficial bacteria makes one wonder if perhaps we would benefit from revitalizing some of those fermentation techniques of old.

At the turn of the century, Russian microbiologist Elie Metchnikoff recognized that Bulgarians, who were well known for their longevity, consumed large quantities of yogurt.  He theorized that the beneficial bacteria in the yogurt displaced the harmful bacteria in the digestive tract and was responsible for the longevity of these people. Currently more and more evidence suggests that beneficial bacteria referred to as “probiotics” are important in promoting good health.

The World Health Organization definition for Probiotics is:  “Live organisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host”.

There are two main groups of probiotics: Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. Both are genuses of bacteria.  Lactobacillus primarily reside in the small intestines while Bifidobacteria are generally found in the large intestines. A commonly used probiotic known as Sacarromyces boulardii is not a bacterium, but a non-pathogenic yeast.  Within the two families of beneficial bacteria are many species and strains.

 

At birth our intestines do not contain beneficial flora.  Babies ingest beneficial bacteria during birth and though breastfeeding.  Breast milk is a rich source of bifidobacteria. Babies who are delivered via cesarean section and babies who are formula fed have a higher need for these beneficial organisms.  Research has shown that there is a lower incidence of eczema in babies whose mothers use probiotic supplements during pregnancy.

There are over 400 different organisms in the adult intestines.  Functions and benefits may include:

• Synthesis of Vitamins B12 and K
• Synthesis of short chain fatty acids from fiber – which benefit mucosal integrity.
• Metabolism of hormones.
• Inhibition of pathogens by competition for binding sites and nutrients.
• Production of chemicals, including lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide which directly attack pathogens.
• Beneficial impact of transit time being useful for both diarrhea and constipation while also decreasing gas.
• Aid in the digestion of lactose (milk sugars).
• Discourage abnormal cell growth.
• Enhancement of gastrointestinal as well as overall immunity.

Some of the emerging research on probiotics includes decreasing the incidence and duration of respiratory infections in children and adults.  Additionally, research suggests that children with higher levels of good bacteria in their intestines have a lower incidence of allergies.

Some clinical indications for probiotics include:

·         Prevention of illness, including respiratory as well as gastrointestinal infections.

·         Antibiotic associated diarrhea (and concurrent use with antibiotics to prevent diarrhea)

·         Recurrent  C. difficile (intestinal pathogen)

·         Irritable bowel syndrome

·         Infammatory bowel disease

·         Functional constipation

·         Discouraging development of colorectal tumors

·         Vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis

·         Lactose intolerance

·         Urinary tract infections

·         Skin rashes and acne

Many doctors and patients turn to yogurt as a source of probiotics.  Yogurt is cultured with L. bulgaricus and L. thermophilus.  Although beneficial, these strains are unable to colonize the intestines.  They act more as a transient visitor.  Most commercial yogurts now have strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidus added. If you eat yogurt, be sure to look for brands which have these added beneficial flora.  Be aware that commercial yogurts are often loaded with sugar, and worse yet, many contain artificial sweeteners, flavors and dyes which are unhealthful. I recommend purchasing a good quality plain yogurt and adding fresh fruit, nuts, unsweetened coconut or a drizzle of honey for a delicious, healthy snack.

For optimal therapeutic effect, probiotic supplements may be necessary. The best supplements contain billions of beneficial organisms compared to the millions found in yogurt.  Selecting probiotic supplements can be a daunting task for the patient.  There are many choices of individual or combination strains.  Viability is a huge problem with probiotic supplements. Many products lose potency if not refrigerated.  Some products contain “prebiotics” such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS).  These are carbohydrates which are fiber rich additives. They provide a medium for the beneficial bacteria to grow on.  They may not be appropriate for every patient. 

Speak to your ND to determine which product is right for you and start enjoying more optimal health.

Priscilla M. Evans ND

Cary N. C.

(919) 604-2235